© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER TEST An Age of Exploration and Isolation
Objectives
l3 To identify the nations that set up trading empires in the East and
the extent of those empires.
l3 To describe daily life in Ming and Qing China.
l3 To explain how Japan’s policies toward Europeans changed.

Form B
Part 1: Key Ideas
A. Write the letter of the best answer. (6 points each)
______ 1. In the years directly following the Crusades, the trade of goods from
East to West was controlled by
a. the Portuguese.
b. the British and the Dutch.
c. the Italians and the Spanish.
d. the Muslims and the Italians.
______ 2. By the 1700s, the Indian Ocean trade was dominated by
a. Muslim and Italian traders.
b. the Dutch East India Company.
c. the French East India Company.
d. the English East India Company.
______ 3. All of the following increased in China during the 1600s and 1700s
EXCEPT for the
a. production of rice. c. average family size.
b. overall population. d. tax burden on the poor.
______ 4. Which of the following reflects the chronological order in which these
peoples dominated China between 1300s and 1700s?
a. Mongols Ý Manchus Ý Chinese
b. Mongols Ý Chinese Ý Manchus
c. Chinese Ý Mongols Ý Manchus
d. Manchus Ý Chinese Ý Mongols
______ 5. China’s Forbidden City and the way it was used reflected all of the
following attitudes EXCEPT
a. the nation’s isolationism.
b. the power and wealth of the emperor.
c. the importance of Confucianism in China.
d. a distinction between social classes in China.
______ 6. The major barrier to establishing effective centralized government in
Japan was
a. the power of the daimyo.
b. the difficulties of collecting taxes.
c. the dissatisfaction of the peasant class.
d. interference from Christian missionaries.
© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
B. If the statement is true, write “true” on the line. If it is false, change the underlined
word or words to make it true. ( 3 points each)
Example: Dutch settlers in South Africa were known as Boers. ________________________
Example: The Boers continually battled the French, after the Europeans seized the
region in 1806. __________________________
7. In the 1700s, Korea was a vassal state of Japan. ____________________________________
8. Kabuki is a type of poetry that originated in Japan. __________________________________
9. China’s Ming Dynasty was founded by the Manchus. ________________________________
10. Hongwu was the first emperor of China’s Qing Dynasty. ______________________________
11. The first Europeans to land on Japanese soil were Portuguese sailors who had arrived there
after a shipwreck. ____________________________________________________________
12. The Tokugawa Shogunate was a type of military government. __________________________
13. Under Japan’s system of feudalism, the daimyo functioned most similarly to what, in Europe’s
system of feudalism, were the lords. ______________________________________________
14. Tokugawa Ieyasu used the “alternate attendance policy” to keep the peasants from rebelling.
____________________________________________________________________________
15. The European leader in developing and applying 15th-century sailing innovations was the
Netherlands. ________________________________________________________________
16. Yonglo moved the Chinese capital to Beijing, where he built the palace complex known as the
Forbidden City. ______________________________________________________________
17. The Treaty of Tordesillas divided new lands discovered east and west of a vertical line in the
Atlantic Ocean between Spain and Italy. __________________________________________
18. The Chinese Muslim explorer Zheng He led seven voyages of exploration to places such as
Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and eastern Africa.____________________________________
true
British

Part 3: Critical Thinking
Answer the following questions on the back of this paper or on a separate
sheet. (10 points each)
23. Both the Europeans and the Chinese launched overseas explorations in the
1400s. In a paragraph, compare the reasons that each had for undertaking
these explorations.
24. What are some of the reasons that the Ming and Qing dynasties placed
on foreign trade?

An Age of Exploration and
Isolation
Part 1: Key Ideas
A. (6 points each)
1. d
2. b
3. d
4. b
5. c
6. a
B. (3 points each)
7. China
8. drama (theater)
9. Chinese
10. Ming
11. true
12. true
13. true
14. daimyos (local warlords)
15. Portugal
16. true
17. Portugal and Spain
18. true
Part 2: Map Skills (2 points
each)
19. a
20. c
21. c
22. a
Part 3: Critical Thinking (10
points each)
23. Possible answers:
a. Europeans: “God, gold, and
glory”; belief that it was their
sacred duty to convert non-Christians
to Christianity;
desire to become wealthy by
dominating the trade of spices
and other luxuries from Asia;
desire to serve their nation
and achieve fame for it and
themselves.
b. Chinese: desire for interna -tional
fame; desire to impress
other peoples and nations
with their superiority; desire
for wealth; desire to attract
new tributaries.
24. Possible answers:
a. The Europeans weren’t con-tent
just to trade goods.
European nations tried to
dominate their trading part-ners
and to convert them to
Christianity.
b. China had a long history of
war and invasion that made its
rulers suspicious of foreigners
and protective of their cultur-al
traditions.
c. By restricting foreign trade,
the rulers could monopolize it
for their own financial gain as
well as limit its effects on
China.
d. China was self-sufficient and
didn’t require the goods of
Europe.

© McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: MOVEMENT
The Voyages of Zheng He
Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the map carefully. Then answer
the questions that follow. Section 2
A
n unusual stone pillar was discovered in the
1930s in the Chinese province of Fujian. It is
inscribed with one of the only remaining records of
the voyages of the Zheng He. Five hundred years
earlier, around 1430, he erected that pillar to com-memorate
his trips.
The first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, after
overthrowing the Mongols in 1368, wanted to trum-pet
Chinese power. He decided to build a navy and
send Chinese ships around the world. However, it
was not until after his successor, Yongle, took over
in 1398 that this dream was realized. Yongle
appointed Zheng He, a Muslim, as “Admiral of the
Western Seas.” Zheng He set sail from Nanjing on
his first voyage in 1405 with a fleet of hundreds of
ships.
The Chinese viewed themselves as the center of
the world and their fleet reflected that view. The
larger ships in the fleet were ten times larger than
their European counterparts and could carry 500
people. To feed all those people, they brought huge
tubs of soil in order to grow fruits and vegetables.
The Chinese intended to show off their wealth,
receive tribute, and explore new places. Zheng He
brought porcelain vases, Chinese silk, and pearls to
amaze the “barbarians.” On one of Zheng He’s
stops, a local king did not show sufficient respect to
the Ming emperor, so he was taken back to China
for “instruction.” In Arabia, Zheng He made the
pilgrimage to Mecca and visited Muhammad’s
tomb in Medina. Another time, in Africa, animals
such as “lions, gold-spotted leopards, and camel-birds
[ostriches]” amazed Zheng He and his men.
In 1433, after traveling nearly 35,000 miles to
thirty nations on seven voyages, Zheng He retired
and soon died. The Ming emperor at that time then
ended exploration because of the cost. He even
had the written journals of Zheng He destroyed to
emphasize his policy, and China soon fell back into
isolation.
CHAPTER
 © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved.
Interpreting Text and Visuals
1. The Strait of Malacca, through which Zheng He sailed, lies between the southern end of the Malay
Peninsula and the island of Sumatra. According to the map, what two large bodies of water does
this strait connect? ____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. According to the map, Zheng He sailed through three seas, a large bay, and an ocean. Name these
bodies of water. ________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Why did Zheng He sail to Mecca? ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. What port city appears to be Zheng He’s major jumping-off point for destinations in Arabia and
Africa? ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Columbus’s voyage from Spain to the Caribbean in 1492 covered about 5,000 miles. About how
long was Zheng He’s trip from Nanjing to Mecca, measured along the most direct ship route?
____________________________________________________________________________
6. Examine the map. Why do you think that it may have been important to Zheng He’s travels that
he was a Muslim? ______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7. Do you agree or disagree with the Ming emperor who ended the voyages of exploration? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ 

Chapter 3, Section 2
GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION
Responses may vary on the inferen-tial
questions. Sample responses
are given for those.
1. Bay of Bengal and the South
China Sea
2. Red Sea, Arabian Sea, South
China Sea, the Bay of Bengal,
and the Indian Ocean
3. He was a Muslim and he wanted
to make a pilgrimage to Mecca.
4. Calicut
5. 10,000 miles
6. Many of the countries that he
traveled to were Muslim. This
must have helped him gain
acceptance with the cities he
was visiting.
7. Answers will vary. Some students
might agree, saying that explo -ration
is expensive with few
results. Money could be better
spent on things inside China.
Other students might say that
exploration is good because it
promotes relationships between
countries of the world. 3

1. The Crusades contributed to the breakdown of Europe’s feudal system. What brought
about the end of the old feudal society in Japan? ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. In medieval Europe, better farming methods caused a spurt of population growth.
How did changes in farming affect population growth in Tokugawa society? ________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. In Europe, as trade and finance expanded, towns grew and flourished. What caused
the growth of towns and cities in Japan? ______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. As towns and cities grew, there was a revival of learning and culture. How did culture
under the Tokugawa Shogunate compare with the culture of medieval Europe? ______________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The development of towns in medieval Europe led to a change in the order of society.
How did the social structure of Japan compare with that of medieval Europe? ______________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The introduction of the longbow in the Hundreds Years’ War marked the end of
chivalry and medieval warfare in Europe. What effect did contact with Europeans
have on Japanese warfare? ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
7. In general, what factors do you think spark great changes in society such as those
experienced in medieval Europe and in Japan under the Tokugawa shoguns? ________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
The Breakdown of
Feudal Society
Many of the changes that took place in Japanese society under the Tokugawa
Shogunate mirrored those that took place in medieval Europe. You read about
these changes in Chapter 14. Compare the transformations of both societies by
answering the questions that follow.
Section 3
CHAPTER
Answer Key
Chapter 3, Section 3
CONNECTIONS ACROSS
TIME AND CULTURES
Possible responses:
1. civil war during which powerful
samurai, called daimyo, seized
control of old feudal estates
2. Japanese farmers produced
more food and population grew.
3. trade, development of a mer-chant
class, and movement of
overtaxed peasant farmers to
towns in search of social and
economic opportunities
4. In Europe, there was a renewed
interest in the works of ancient
scholars and the use of vernacu-lar
in place of Latin in literature.
In Japanese cities new styles of
drama (kabuki), art, and litera-ture
(haiku) emerged while tra-ditional
culture continued to
thrive.
5. Both societies continued to have
a small upper class of landown-ers
and a large lower class of
peasants, but towns and cities
encouraged development of a
middle class made up of mer-chants
and artisans.
6. Introduction of firearms and
cannons marked the end of the
samurai warrior traditions and
required construction of fortified
castles.
7. Answers will vary. Some of the
common factors include war,
trade and foreign relations,
improved technology, and civil
discontent.