World History
2.1 The Ottomans (Moslems) Build a Vast Empire

Drill: Predestination & Jesuits 
Predestination: one of the doctrines of Calvinism, a new Protestant religion developed during the Reformation
Jesuits: religious order, who began their work during the Reformation 

Objectives: Student will be able to describe the origins of the Ottoman Empire by tracing the expansion of Ottoman power under of Suleiman the Lawgiver.

Notes
1. Between 1300 and 1326 began the rule of the Ottomans
2. Suleiman I captured control of the eastern Mediterranean; conquered peoples of the North African & European coastline, controlling trade routes to the interior
3. The Ottomans treated non-Muslims well, allowing them to practice their own religion, although they did put a tax on them. They also placed some Christians into slavery, to serve as soldiers or government officials. 
3. Ottoman Empire replaced the Byzantine Empire, which traced its origins back to ancient Rome.
4. The Ottoman Empire established a workable social structure, efficient government, a bureaucracy staffed by janissaries, simplified taxes, and laws.
5. Sultans or kings were so powerful, when they traveled, 40,000 camels and baggage-mules were needed.

Ottoman Leaders
1. In the West, Osman (aka Othman), and his followers were known as Ottomans.
	A. first Ottoman leader, Osman 
B. birth of one of history’s largest and longest-lived empires.
2. Mehmet II the title “the Conqueror” –one of the Ottomans great leaders	
A. Conquering Constantinople
B. Able ruler/changed the name of Constantinople to Istanbul.
3. Timur the Lame 
A. Conqueror Central Asia, Russia, Persia, and northern India 
B. He died three years later on his way to conquer China.
4. Selim the Grim 
A. captured Mecca and Medina, the holiest cities of Islam, and Cairo
B. also expanded the Ottoman Empire into Syria, Palestine, and North Africa.
5. Suleiman, greatest Ottoman military leader
A. expanded the Ottoman Empire into Europe, Africa, and Asia. 
B. streamlined the government bureaucracy, simplified the system of taxation, and revamped the laws of the empire.

World History
2.1 The Ottomans (Moslems) Build a Vast Empire
Review 
1. d
2. b
3. d
4. c
5. c
6. a
7. a
8. e
9. b
10. d

BCR. The ghazi were Turks who considered themselves warriors for Islam. They were similar to Christian knights in Europe. They belonged to military societies and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct. They carried out raids on “infidels” and fought in wars to expand the Ottoman Empire.

The janissaries were part of an elite fighting force of slaves owned by the sultan. They came, as young Christian boys, from territories conquered by the Ottomans and became Muslim through conversion.

PRIMARY SOURCE/Suleiman the Magnificent
1. Busbecq observed that Suleiman looked stern, majestic, dignified, and healthy despite his age and a bad complexion that he masked with a coating of red powder. 
2. he described the cavalry, the janissaries, and the infantry in the Turkish army 
3. We may surmise that Suleiman was a strong, disciplined ruler of a vast, wealthy empire; that the Turkish army was highly organized, highly trained, and well equipped; and that the arts—embroidery, metalworking, and so forth—flourished during Suleiman’s reign.

Summary: In today’s lesson we describe the origins of the Ottoman Empire and examined some of it’s most powerful leaders, the greatest was Suleiman I.

Homework: Ottoman Empire & Sultans 
Ottoman Empire, started by Moslems in what is now called Turkey.
Sultans were the Moslem leaders or kings.

Name ___________________________________________Class___________Date_________
World History
2.1 The Ottomans (Moslems) Build a Vast Empire
A. Terms and Names Write the letter of the person who matches the description. A person may be used more than once.
a. Timur 		c. Mehmet II 			e. Selim the Grim
b. Osman 		d. Suleiman I
______ 1. The Ottoman Empire reached its peak size and grandeur during his reign.
______ 2. In the West, he was called Othman, and his followers were known as Ottomans.
______ 3. He was known both as “the Lawgiver” and as “the Magnificent.”
______ 4. He earned the title “the Conqueror” by leading the Ottomans in conquering Constantinople.
______ 5. He was a warrior who became an able ruler. He turned the Hagia Sophia into a mosque and changed the name of Constantinople to Istanbul.
______ 6. In the 15th century, this warrior and conqueror from Samarkand in Central Asia briefly interrupted the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
______ 7. He conquered Russia, Persia, and northern India before defeating the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. He died three years later on his way to conquer China.
______ 8. He captured Mecca and Medina, the holiest cities of Islam, and Cairo, the intellectual center of the Muslim world. He also expanded the Ottoman Empire into Syria, Palestine, and North Africa. 
______ 9. As the first Ottoman leader, he built a small state in Anatolia that his successors would expand. He died not realizing that his conquests marked the birth of one of history’s largest and longest-lived empires.
______10. As a military leader, he expanded the Ottoman Empire into Central Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia. As a political leader, he streamlined the government bureaucracy, simplified the system of taxation, and revamped the laws of the empire.

BCR. Critical Thinking Briefly answer the following question Compare the ghazi with the janissary, and the role that each played in the Ottoman Empire. 

2.1 PRIMARY SOURCE Suleiman the Magnificent by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq
Busbecq was the Austrian ambassador in Constantinople from 1554 to 1562. In the following excerpts from his letters, Busbecq describes his impressions of Suleiman I, the Turkish sultan who ruled the Ottoman Empire at its peak. What do you learn about Suleiman’s appearance and behavior? What do you learn about the organization of the Turkish army?
The Sultan was seated on a rather low sofa, and spread with many costly coverlets and cushions embroidered with exquisite work. Near him were his bow and arrows. His expression, as I have said, is anything but smiling, and has a sternness which, though sad, is full of majesty. On our arrival we were introduced into his presence by his chamberlains, who held our arms—a practice which has always been observed since a Croatian sought an interview and murdered the Sultan. After going through the pretence of kissing his hand, we were led to the wall facing him backwards, so as not to turn our backs or any part of them towards him. He then listened to the recital of my message, but, as it did not correspond with his expectations (for the demands of my imperial master were full of dignity and independence, and, therefore, far from acceptable to one who thought that his slightest wishes ought to be obeyed), he assumed an expression of disdain.  We were then dismissed to our lodging. 
You will probably wish me to describe the impression which . . . [Suleiman] made upon me. He is beginning to feel the weight of years, but his dignity of demeanour and his general physical appearance are worthy of the ruler of so vast an empire. For his age—he has almost reached his sixtieth year—he enjoys quite good health, though his bad complexion may be due to some hidden malady; and indeed it is generally believed that he has an incurable ulcer or gangrene on his leg. This defect of complexion he
2.1 PRIMARY SOURCE Suleiman the Magnificent ..Continued
remedies by painting his face with a coating of red powder, when he wishes departing ambassadors to take with them a strong impression of his good health; for he fancies that it contributes to inspire greater fear in foreign potentates if they think that he is well and strong. . . . The Sultan, when he sets out on a campaign, takes as many as 40,000 camels with him, and almost as many baggage-mules, most of whom, if his destination is Persia, are loaded with cereals of every kind, especially rice. Mules and camels are also employed to carry tents and arms and warlike machines and implements of every kind. The territories called Persia.
It is only then that the Sultan’s store of provisions is opened, and just enough food to sustain life is weighed out each day to the Janissaries and the other troops in attendance upon him. The other soldiers are badly off, if they have not provided food for their own use; most of them, having often experienced such difficulties during their campaigns—and this is particularly true of the cavalry—take a horse on a leading-rein loaded with many of the necessities of life. These include a small piece of canvas to use as a tent, which may protect them from the sun or a shower of rain, also some clothing and bedding and a private store of provisions, consisting of a leather sack or two of the finest flour, a small jar of butter, and some spices and salt; on these they support life when they are reduced to the extremes of hunger. 
The Turkish horseman presents a very elegant spectacle, mounted on a horse of Syrian or some other good breed, with trappings and horsecloths of silver spangled with gold and precious stones. At either side is a fine sheath, one to hold the bow, the other full of bright-coloured arrows, both of wonderful workmanship, as also is the ornamented shield which is attached to the left arm and which is only suited to ward off arrows and the blows dealt by a club or sword. His right hand is encumbered by a light spear, usually painted green, unless he prefers to keep that hand free; and he is girt with a scimitar studded with gems, while a steel club hangs from his horsecloth or saddle. “
Why so many weapons?” you will ask. My answer is that he is practised in the use of all of them. “But how,” you ask, “can any one use both a bow and a spear? Will he seize his bow only when he has thrown or broken his spear?” No: he keeps his spear in his possession as long as possible, and, when circumstances demand the use of the bow in its turn, he puts the spear, which is light and therefore easily handled, between the saddle and his thigh, in such a position that the point projects a long way behind and the pressure of the knee holds it firm as long as he thinks fit.
I do not propose, however, to spend more words in explaining the skill in arms which they have acquired by long practice in warfare and continual exercise. On their heads they wear turbans made of the whitest and finest cotton stuff, in the middle of which rises a fluted peak of purple silk. This head-dress is often adorned with black feathers. After the cavalry had passed, there followed a long column of Janissaries, scarcely any of whom carried any other arms except their muskets. . . .Behind them followed their captains and colonels, each with their distinguishing marks of rank. Last came their commander-in-chief, riding by himself. Next followed the chief officials, including the Pashas; then the infantry forming the royal bodyguard in their special uniform and equipment, and carrying their bows, for they are all archers. 
Next came the Sultan’s own chargers, remarkable for their fine appearance and trappings, led by grooms. The Sultan himself was mounted on a splendid horse. Behind him were three young pages, one carrying a flask of water, another a cloak, and the third a casket . . .The rear of the procession was formed by a squadron of about two hundred horsemen. from Edward Seymour Froster, trans., The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin Le Busbecq (Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1968), 

1. Recognizing Facts and Details According to Busbecq, what did Suleiman look like?
2. What different soldiers in the Turkish army did Busbecq describe?
3. Drawing Conclusions From reading Busbecq’s letters, what conclusions can you draw about the
Ottoman Empire under Suleiman? 
CHAPTER 2
In your own words, summarize today’s lesson.