World History
1.1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance

Drill: Social Contract - Natural Rights 
Social Contract - agreement between citizens and the government
Natural Rights are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness

Objectives: Students will be able to explain the conditions in Italy that gave rise to the Renaissance by identifying the values and ideas prized during the Renaissance. Students will be able to describe the artistic breakthrough and achievements of Renaissance artists by summarizing influential literary works.
C H A P T E R
I. Notes:
A. Renaissance the rebirth of art/learning in Europe lasting from about 1300 to 1600
B. humanism- focus on human potential and achievements 
C. secular -concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters 
D. patrons -wealthy people who financially supported artists
E. perspective -Art technique that recreates three dimensions 
F. vernacular -use of native language instead of classical Latin
II. Why did the Renaissance  begin in Italy ?
A. Italy had several important cities, where people exchanged ideas. 
B. Cities included a class of merchants and bankers 
C. Italian artists/scholars were inspired by the ruined buildings of classical Rome.
III. What new values did people hold?
A. In the Middle Ages, the emphasis had been mostly on spiritual values. 
B. Renaissance thinkers stressed secular ideas. 
C. One way that powerful or wealthy people showed this interest in worldly things was by paying artists, writers, and musicians to create beautiful works of art. 
D. People tried to show that they could master many fields of study or work.
E. The artist Leonardo da Vinci was an example of this ideal. 
F. People were expected to be charming, witty, well educated, well mannered, athletic, and self-controlled. 
How did literature change during the Renaissance?
A. Renaissance writers also achieved greatness, wrote in the vernacular. 
B. They expressed their own thoughts and feelings. 
C. Dante and others wrote poetry, letters, and stories that were more realistic.
E. Niccoló Machiavelli took a new approach to understanding government. 
F. believed rulers should do what was effective, even if it was not right. 
4. What did Renaissance writers write about?

World History
1.1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
1. c
2. b
3. a
4. c
5. d
6. c

b. Cities and towns had become more important as serfs left estates to seek more rewarding work. The growth of cities led to an increase in the exchange of ideas and a generally more intellectual climate. The rise of the merchant class made more money available to support the arts.

CHAPTER 1
Niccolò Machiavelli
1. Machiavell hoped to establish a republic, like ancient Rome, and he tried to create a citizen-army modeled on the Roman one.
2. Machiavelli’s work is political science because it attempts to describe and analyze the behavior of political leaders.
3. Machiavell did not think highly of human nature. He thought people were “ungrateful and fickle, dissemblers, avoiders of danger, and greedy.”

Summary: In today’s lesson, explained the conditions in Italy that gave rise to the Renaissance by identifying the values and ideas prized during the Renaissance and described the artistic breakthrough and achievements of Renaissance artists by summarizing influential literary works.

Homework: Secular & Patrons
Secular -concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters 
Patrons -wealthy people who financially supported artists

Name ____________________________________Class ___________Date_______________
World History
1.1 Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Terms and Names Write the letter of the best answer.
______ 1. The period of European history known as the Renaissance roughly covers the time from
a. 1100 to 1400. 					c. 1300 to 1600.
b. 1200 to 1500. 					d. 1400 to 1700.

______ 2. The best synonym for secular is a. new. c. humane. b. worldly. d. religious.

______ 3. To become known as an important patron, one most needed to be
a. wealthy. 						c. religious.
b. creative. 						d. intellectual.
______ 4. The technique known as perspective is most useful in the creation of
a. drama.  b. sculpture.   c. two-dimensional art. d. the sonnet form in poetry.

______ 5. A person who produces work “in the vernacular” is one who
a. relies on realism.  					 b. uses only natural light.   
c. uses a verse form of writing.  			d. writes in a local, rather than a classical, language.
______ 6. The intellectual and cultural movement known as humanism arose from the study of
a. medieval scholarship. 				b. original Christian writings.
c. classical Greek and Roman culture. 		d. the contributions of the Tang and Song dynasties.

B. Critical Thinking Briefly answer the following question. What do you think were the major causes of the European Renaissance? Explain your answer.

1.1 HISTORYMAKERS Niccolò Machiavelli Inventor of Political Science
“My intent being to write a useful work . . . it seemed to me more appropriate to pursue the actual truth  of the matter than the imagination of it. Many have imagined republics and principalities which were  never seen or known really to exist; because how one lives is so far removed from how one ought to live that he who abandons what one does for what one ought to do, learns rather his own ruin than his preservation.”—Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince (1513)

Niccolò Machiavelli, an intellectual and sometime government official, nearly lived an anonymous life. He was an educated man who had written plays but remained an unknown citizen of Florence, Italy, well into middle age. It was not until the age of 44 that he single-handedly revolutionized the study of governments and politics. 
Machiavelli was born in 1469 to a noble family in Florence, one of the intellectual centers of the Italian Renaissance. He received a solid education. During his twenties, he worked in Rome on behalf of a Florentine banker. Florence was experiencing political upheaval at the time. Lorenzo de’ Medici, the great banker and patron of the arts, had ruled the city until his death in 1492. His son proved to be an  incompetent heir and was banished from the city. A few years later, the people of Florence decided to form a republic.
Machiavelli became an official in the new government. He served the city-state on several diplomatic missions that allowed him close observation of some of the leading political figures of his 

1.1	HISTORYMAKERS Niccolò Machiavelli ….continued
time. He grew to respect those who knew how to gain and use power. He also took the role of organizing a citizen-army for Florence, which he modeled after the army of the ancient Roman Republic. 
Machiavelli’s militia did not have the fighting ability of Rome’s famed legions, though. In 1512, the Spanish army defeated the Florentine troops, and the Medici family once again took power. 
Machiavelli was dismissed from the government and retired to his country estate to write. Among  Machiavelli’s creations was The Prince. A devoted supporter of republican government, he nevertheless dedicated the work to the new Medici ruler of Florence. Machiavelli hoped The Prince would prove his intelligence so he could win a job in the new regime. He also hoped to spur the Medici family to unite northern Italy and insulate it from foreign interference. 
Previous writers of political philosophy tried to describe perfect governments. Machiavell had a different idea in mind. He wanted to understand how political leaders could best obtain and hold power. He thought that trickery was more effective in achieving these goals than honesty. He also thought that acquiring and maintaining power was more important to rulers than being a “good” leader. 
The chapter title “On Cruelty and [compassion], and Whether It Is Better To Be Loved or Feared” reveals the core of his view of government, which is based on his view of human nature: It will naturally be answered that it would be desirable to be both [loved] and [feared]; but as it is difficult to be both at the same time, it is much more safe to be feared than to beloved, when you have to choose between the two. 
For it may be said of men in general that they are ungrateful and fickle, dissemblers, avoiders of danger, and greedy of gain. His name became an adjective—”Machiavellian” came to describe any leader who used deceit to impose his or her will.
Ironically, Machiavelli was ruined by his own ambitions. The Medici gave him diplomatic work. However, when they were overthrown and the republic restored again, Machiavelli was tainted by his association with the Medici. He was turned down for employment and died shortly thereafter. 

Questions
1. Drawing Conclusions How did Machiavelli’s ideas and actions reflect his respect for ancient Rome?

2. Making Generalizations Why is it appropriate to call Machiavelli’s work political science? 

3. Making Inferences What was Machiavelli’s view of human nature?
CHAPTER 1

In your own words summarize today’s lesson.